Apparatus
Chronological Witness Timeline
The 65 voices of the Anthology arrayed across the centuries, with the Marian dogmas and the conciliar definitions as landmarks. Names link into the Anthology; landmarks frame the dogmatic arc.
65 witnesses · 5 landmarks · 17 centuries · c. 100 – 2025
- II · 2nd century
- St. Justin Martyrc. 100 - c. 165CR
- St. Irenaeus of Lyonsc. 130 - c. 202B
- Tertullian of Carthagec. 155 - c. 220CR
- III · 3rd century
- Origen of Alexandriac. 185 - c. 254M
- Sub Tuum Praesidium — Greek, late 3rd centuryM
- IV · 4th century
- St. Athanasiusc. 296 - 373F
- St. Ephrem the Syrianc. 306 - 373B
- St. Epiphanius of Salamisc. 310 – 403F
- St. Cyril of Jerusalemc. 313 - 386M
- St. Gregory of Nazianzusc. 329 - 390F
- St. Ambrose of Milanc. 339 - 397F
- St. John Chrysostomc. 347 - 407CR
- St. Jeromec. 347 - 420CR
- St. Augustine of Hippo354 - 430CR
- V · 5th century
- St. Cyril of Alexandriac. 376 - 444M
- St. Peter Chrysologusc. 380 - c. 450CR
- St. Proclus of Constantinoplec. 390 – 446F
- Council of Ephesus431Mary defined Theotokos against Nestorius.
- St. Jacob of Serughc. 451 – 521F
- Council of Chalcedon451the two natures of Christ; the Theotokos confessed.
- VI · 6th century
- St. Romanos the Melodistc. 490 – 556F
- The Akathist Hymnc. 6th c.B
- St. Sophronius of Jerusalemc. 560 - 638M
- VII · 7th century
- St. Ildephonsus of Toledoc. 607 – 667M
- St. Germanus of Constantinoplec. 634 - 733M
- Lateran Council649Mary's perpetual virginity defined under Pope St. Martin I.
- St. Andrew of Cretec. 650 - 740M
- VIII · 8th century
- St. Bede the Venerable672 – 735CR
- St. John of Damascusc. 675 - 749M
- XI · 11th century
- St. Peter Damian1007 - 1072M
- St. Anselm of Canterbury1033 - 1109F
- XII · 12th century
- St. Bernard of Clairvaux1090 - 1153M
- Bl. Amadeus of Lausanne1110 – 1159M
- XIII · 13th century
- St. Albert the Greatc. 1206 - 1280CR
- St. Bonaventure1221 - 1274M
- St. Thomas Aquinas1225 - 1274CR
- Bl. John Duns Scotusc. 1266 – 1308F
- XIV · 14th century
- St. Bridget of Sweden1303 - 1373CR
- Jean Gerson1363 - 1429CR
- XV · 15th century
- St. Bernardine of Siena1380 - 1444M
- St. Lawrence Justinian1381 – 1456M
- XVI · 16th century
- St. Teresa of Ávila1515 – 1582M
- St. Peter Canisius1521 - 1597CR
- St. Robert Bellarmine1542 - 1621CR
- Francisco Suárez, S.J.1548 – 1617F
- St. Francis de Sales1567 - 1622M
- XVII · 17th century
- St. John Eudes1601 - 1680CR
- St. Louis Marie de Montfort1673 - 1716M
- XVIII · 18th century
- St. Alphonsus Liguori1696 - 1787M
- XIX · 19th century
- Bl. Pope Pius IX1792 - 1878CR
- Bl. John Henry Newman1801 – 1890B
- St. Catherine Labouré1806 - 1876M
- Pope Leo XIII1810 - 1903M
- Pope St. Pius X1835 - 1914B
- Matthias Joseph Scheeben1835 – 1888M
- St. Bartolo Longo1841 – 1926M
- St. Bernadette Soubirous1844 - 1879F
- Pope Benedict XV1854 - 1922CR
- Ineffabilis Deus1854Bl. Pius IX defines the Immaculate Conception.
- Pope Pius XI1857 - 1939CR
- XX · 20th century
- Ven. Pope Pius XII1876 - 1958CR
- St. (Padre) Pio of Pietrelcina1887 - 1968M
- St. Maximilian Maria Kolbe1894 - 1941M
- Bl. Fulton J. Sheen1895 - 1979CR
- St. Teresa of Calcutta1910 - 1997M
- Pope St. John Paul II1920 - 2005CR
- Pope Benedict XVI1927 – 2022M
- Munificentissimus Deus1950Ven. Pius XII defines the Assumption.
- Pope Leo XIVb. 1955; elected 2025M
- Second Vatican Council, Lumen Gentium §6221 November 1964M